Traumatic insemination describes an unusual form of mating during which a male penetrates the body wall of its female partner to inject sperm.Females unable to prevent traumatic insemination have been predicted to develop either traits of tolerance or of resistance, both reducing the fitness Drugs costs associated with the male-inflicted injury.The
Steven C Schallhorn,1–3 Jan A Venter,2 David Teenan,2 Julie M Schallhorn,3 Keith A Hettinger,2 Stephen J Hannan,2 Martina Pelouskova2 1Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; 2Optical Express, Glasgow, UK; 3Department of Ophthalmology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA Purpose: The
Abstract Background Population extinction risk in a fragmented landscape is related to the differential ability of CALMING CHRONIC STRESS the species to spread its genes across the landscape.The impact of landscape fragmentation on plant population dynamics will therefore vary across different spatial scales.We quantified successful seed-mediated d
The purpose of this work is to construct a fitness function that depends on the set of coexisting competing hereditary elements based on population dynamics in the blade blank “predator– prey” model with the logistic growth of prey.Materials and methods.The work uses the generalized Volterra model.The planktivorous fish plays the